Organizational and Economic Mechanisms of Organization of Agro-Industrial Clusters

The article discusses the organizational and economic mechanisms for creating agro-industrial clusters specializing in the processing of organic waste into biogas, compost, thermal energy and other commercial products. A comparative analysis of three clusters was carried out - in the USA (California, Iowa), Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark) and Uzbekistan. The research uses methods of structural analysis, comparative institutional analysis, and case-study methodology. It has been established that the effectiveness of biogas clusters depends not only on technological parameters, but also, first of all, on the quality of institutional design: the availability of public-private partnerships, stimulating regulatory frameworks and integration mechanisms throughout the value chain. Specific organizational models adapted to the conditions of the Uzbek agro-industrial complex are proposed. The results show that the potential annual production of biogas from agricultural and municipal organic waste in Uzbekistan exceeds 2.5 billion US dollars. m³, which corresponds to 3.1 billion. kWh of electricity.